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Dr. Carmen Ricos and colleagues update this database on within-subject and between-subject biologic variation. From this data, they also calculate desirable specifications for imprecision, inaccuracy, and total allowable error. We are honored to be able to host this database. This article lists the references that were used to develop the specifications.Updated for 2012.

Desirable Specifications for Total Error, Imprecision, and Bias, derived from Intra- and Inter-Individual Biologic Variation

This most recent and extensive listing of biologic goals has been provided by Ricos C, Alvarez V, Cava F, Garcia-Lario JV, Hernandez A, Jimenez CV, Minchinela J, Perich C, Simon M. "Current databases on biologic variation: pros, cons and progress." Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999;59:491-500. Updated analytes for 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 included.

Annex II: Bibliographical references for each analyte studied

11-Desoxycortisol through Alanine aminotransferase
Albumin through CA 549 antigen
Calcium through Cysteine
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate through Hydroxiproline
Immunoglobulin A through Lysine
Magnesium through Oxalate, output
Paraoxon through Rheumatoid factor
S Protein through Zinc

See The Actual References
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Analyte Reference
S- 11-Desoxycortisol 136, 137
S- 17-Hydroxyprogesterone 136, 137
U- 4-hydroxi-3-metoximandelate (VMA) 90, 112
S- 5'Nucleotidase 90, 112, 178
U- 5'-Hidroxiindolacetate, concentration 133
S- α1-Acid glycoprotein 24,95,153
S- α1-Antichymotrypsin 24
S- α1-Antitrypsin 84,95,153
P- α1-Globulins 90, 92
U- α1-Microglobulin, concentration, first morning 105
P- α2-Antiplasmin 26
S- α2-Globulins 90, 92
S- α2-Macroglobulin 84,95,153
U- α2-Microglobulin output, first morning 105
S- α-Amylase 27,30,49,72,90,138,139
S- α-Amylase (pancreatic) 30,82
U- α-Amylase concentration, random 30
P- α-Carotene 198
S- α-Carotene 117
S- α-Fetoprotein 183, 219
S- α-Tocopherol 53, 117, 192
S- Acid phosphatase (ACP) 166,167
S- Acid phosphatase prostatic, activity 126
S- Acid phosphatase tartrate resistent 67, 124, 177
P- Activated partial thromboplastine time (APTT) 22,26,35
S- Adenosine deaminase 90
P- Adiponectin 199
(B)Plat- Adrenaline 20
P- Adrenaline 20
S- Alanine aminopeptidase 71
S- Alanine aminotransferase 27,46,71,90,138,139,
153,161,166,167

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Analyte Reference
S- Albumin 24,27,37,45,46,47,49,53,62,
64,69,72,84,90,92,110,130,
138,139, 161,166,167,168
U- Albumin, concentration, first morning 78,80,86
U- Albumin/Creatinine 80
S- Albumin, glycated 31, 60, 129
S- Aldosterone 136,137
U- Aldosterone, concentration 133
S- Alkaline phosphatase 4,5,27,49,52,64,71,90,110,124,
130,138,153,161,165,166,167,
168,171,178
S- Alkaline phosphatase, bone isoform 67, 124, 171, 172
S- Alkaline phosphatase, liver 178
S- Alkaline phosphatase, placental 16
U- Ammonia, output 6
S- Amyloid A 189
S- Androstendione 136,137
S- Angiotensin converting enzyme (Peptidil dipeptidase) 41
P- Antithrombin III 22,26,106,159
S- Apolipoprotein A1 13,21,44,49,93,104,107,120,
121,141,164
S- Apolipoprotein B 13,44,49,93,104,120,121,141,164
P- Arginine 214
S- Arilestearase activity 202
P- Ascorbate 198
S- Ascorbate 53, 192, 198
P- Asparagine 214
S- Aspartate aminotransferase 27,69,71,90,138,139,153,161,165,
166,167,168
P- Aspartic acid 214
S- β2-Microglobulin 24
S- Basophile, count 28,88,154
S- β-Carotene 53,98,117,198
S- β-Cryptoxanthin 117
S- β-Globulins 90,92
S- Bilirubin total 27,49,64,90,130,138,139,161,166, 200
S- Bilirubin conjugated 90,139
Patient- Body mass 106
P- C Protein 225
S- C Reactive Protein 24, 100, 197
S- CA 125 antigen 16, 109, 181, 201
S- CA 15.3 antigen 58,59,76,151, 211
S- CA 19.9 antigen 109,132,162
S- CA 549 antigen 16

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Analyte Reference
S- Calcium 27,37,45,46,47,49, 52,62,
64,66,69,73,74,90,110,130,
138,139, 161,165,166,167,168
S- Calcium, complexed 110
U- Calcium, concentration, 24h 63,140,149,150
U- Calcium, ionized 110, 182
U- Calcium, output, 24h 63,66,140,149
S- Calcium, protein bound 110
S- Calcium, ultrafiltrable 110
S- Carbohydrate deficient transferrin 70
(B)Gas- Carbon dioxide 68
S- Carbon dioxide 68
S- Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 16,58,59,76,109,151,181,185, 201, 211
S- Carnitine, free 193
S- Carnitine, total 193
S- Ceruloplasmin (Ferroxidase) 52, 95
S- Chloride 7,27,45,46,47,49,62,64,69,
71,74,90,130,138,161,166,
167,168
S- Cholesterol 8,13,21,23,27,32,39,44,49,50,53,
60,69,72,74,77,90,93,94,100,
104,107,108,114,120,121,138,
139,141,142,147,148,153,158,
161,163,164,165,166,167,168,
173,174,202
S- Cholinesterase, activity 11,90,112
S- Cholinesterase, concentration 11, 71
S- Cholinesterase, immunoreactive 11
S- C3 complement 95,153
S- C4 complement 95,153
P- Chromogranin A 208
P- Citrulline 214
U- Colour 225
P- Copper 97,52,61
S- Copper 52,98
S- Cortisol 136,137,153
S- C Peptide 136, 137, 213
S- C- Propeptide type I procollagen 67, 156, 172
P- C-Reactive protein 24,100
S- Creatine kinase 27,46,90,138,139,145,153,161,165
S- Creatine kinase MB, % 145
S- Creatine kinase MB, activity 27,90,138,145
S- Creatine kinase MB, mass 145
S- Creatinine 7,27,37,45,46,47,49,53,62,64,
65,72,90,110,138,139,143,161,
165,166,167,168,203, 221, 222, 223, 224
Patient- Creatinine clearence 65, 224
Patient- Creatinine clearance MDRD 224
U- Creatinine, concentration 63,65,78,140,149,150
U- Creatinine, output 6,10,12,14,63,65,78,140,149
S- C-Terminal telopeptide type I collagen (s-CTx) 67,156,184
U- C-Terminal telopeptide type I collagen/creatinine, first and second morning urine 55,67,89,171,184
S- Cyfra 21.1 185,201
P- Cystatin C 223
S- Cystastin C 203, 221, 222, 224
P- Cysteine 25
P- Cystine 214
P- δ-aminolevulinic acid 195

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Analyte Reference
S- Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA) 136,137,173
U- Deoxipyridinoline/creatinine 4,89,127
P- Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (ACE) 99,103
S- Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (ACE) 41
P- Elastase 2
S- Endotelial growth factor 190
B- Eosinophils, count 28,88,154
B(Plat)- Epinephrine 20
PB- Epinephrine 20
B- Erythrocytes, count 28,34,48,88,96,102
S- Estradiol 118,136,137,174
U- Estradiol 118
S- Estradiol, free 118
U- Estradiol, free 118
P- Factor V coagulation 26
P- Factor VII coagulation 22,159
P- Factor VIII coagulation 22,159
P- Factor X coagulation 26
S- Ferritin 1,9,27,52,131,200
P- Fibrinogen 22,26,102,144,159
(B)Erythr- Folate 173
S- Folate 173
S- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 136,137,160,170
S- Fructosamine 31,49,79
S- Galactosyl hydroxylisine 118
S- γ-Globulins 90,92
S- γ-glutamyltransferase 27,70,71,90,138,139,153,165,178
S- Globulins,total 110
P- Glucose 226
S- Glucose 27,31,37,46,49,60,69,
90,138,139,165,168,186
(B)Erythr- Glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase 169
(B)Spot- Glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase 204
P- Glutamic acid 214
P- Glutamine 214
S- Glutathione peroxidase 29
S- Glycated albumin 31,60,129
P- Glycine 214
P- Haptoglobin 101
S- Haptoglobin 24,95,153
B- Hematocrit 1,9,28,34,48,52,88,96,102,154
B- Hemoglobin 1,9,28,34,48,52,71,
74,88,96,102,154
B- Hemoglobin A1C 60,129,173,176,180,186, 226, 229
S- HDL cholesterol 8,13,21,23,32,39,50,53,60,72,
74,77,93,94,104,107,108,114,
120,21,141,147,148,164
S- HDL 1 cholesterol 44
S- HDL 2 cholesterol 13,21,44,60,120,121
S- HDL 3 cholesterol 13,21,44,60,120,121
P- Histidine 214
P- Homocysteine 54, 146, 177
S- Hydroxibutyrate dehydrogenase 27
P- Hydroxiproline 214
S- Hydroxiproline/creatinine 5, 110, 171
U- Hydroxiproline/minute, night urine 5

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Analyte Reference
S- Immunoglobulin A 42,43,49,95,153,173,174
S- Immunoglobulin G 42,43,49,95,153,207
S- Immunoglobulin M 42,43,49,95,153
S- Immunoglobulins κ chain 42,43,49
S- Immunoglobulins λ chain 42,43,49
S- Insulin 37,60,136,137
S- Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) 209, 218
S- Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) 218
S- Interleukin 1-β 175
S- Interleukin 8 175
S- Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) 200
(B)Leuc- Interferon receptor 56
(B)Leuc- Iron 1,9,27,81,90,96,131,152,
155,166,167
P- Isoleucine 214
S- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 27,69,90,111,138,139,153,
161,165,167,168
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 1 isoform 90,111
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 2 isoform 111
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 3 isoform 111
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 4 isoform 111
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 5 isoform 111
B- Lactate 125
P- Lactoferrin 2
P- Leucine 214
P- Leukocytes, count 28,34,36,48,88,96,154
S- LDL Cholesterol 8,13,21,39,50,93,94,104,107,
108,114,120,121,141,148,164
S- LDL Cholesterol (direct) 148
P- LDL Cholesterol oxidized 200
S- LDL receptor mRNA 128
S- Lipase 49,82,90
S- Lipoprotein (a) 104,115,121
P- Lutein 198
S- Lutein 117
S- Luteinizing hormone (LH) 136,137,160,170
S- Lycopenene 117, 198
B- Lymphocytes, count 28,36,48,88,154
B- Lymphocytes, CD4 191
P- Lysine 214

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Analyte Reference
(B)Erythr- Magnesium 38, 51
(B)Leuc- Magnesium 38, 51
S- Magnesium 33,37,38,52,61,69,139,165,168
U- Magnesium, concentration, 24h 33,116
U- Magnesium, ionized 182
U- Magnesium, output, 24h 33,116
S- MC antigen (MCA) 18,76
(B)Erythr- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 34,88,102
(B)Erythr- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 34,48,96,102
(B)Erythr- Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 34,48,70,88,96,102
(B)Plat- Mean platelet volume (MPV) 28,88,102
P- Methionine 214
B- Monocytes, count 28, 88, 154
S- Myoglobin 122,145
S- Myeloperoxidase 210
U- N-Acetyl Glucosaminidase, concentration 83,157
U- N-Acetyl Glucosaminidase/Creatinine 157
U- N- Telopeptide type I collagen /creatinine 89,135,170, 177
U- N- Telopeptide type I collagen /creatinine, first urine 89,135,171,172
B- Neutrophils, count 28,36,48,88,154
U- Nitrogen, output 6
S- Non-inhibited arilestearase activity 202
B(Plat)- Norepinephrine 20
P- Norepinephrine 20
S- N-terminal (NT)-proBNP 205,206
P- Ornithine 214
P- Osmolality 225
Saliva- Osmolality 225
S- Osmolality 49,85
S- Osteocalcin 4,5,67,124,172
U- Oxalate, concentration, 24h 3
U- Oxalate, output, 24h 3

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Analyte Reference
S- Paraoxonase 202
S- Paraoxonase 1 substrate inhibition (PON 4SI) 202
S- Paraoxonase activity (salt stimulated) 202
S- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 209
S- Peptidil dipeptidase A (ECA) 41
B- pH 68
B(Gas)- pCO2 68
S- Phenylacetate 202
P- Phenylalanine 214
S- Phosphate 27,37,49,53,64,69,90,
110,130,138,139,161,
165,166,167,168
U- Phosphate, concentration, 24h 63,140,149,150
U- Phosphate, output, 24h 63,66,140,149
Patient- Phosphate tubular reabsorption 66
S- Phospholipids 119
P- Plasminogen 26
B- Platelet, count 28,34,48,88,102,154
B- Platelet distribution wide 28,88
B- Plateletcrit 28,88
U- Porphobilinogen 195
U- Porphyrins, total 195
(B)Leuc- Potassium 51
S- Potassium 7,27,37,45,46,47,49,
64,69,71,74,90,130,
138,139,161,166,167,168
U- Potassium, concentration 63,140,149,150
U- Potassium, output 6,63,140,149
S- Prealbumin 24
S- Procollagen type 1 C-terminal 67, 156, 172
S- Procollagen type 1 N-terminal 67, 172
S- Procollagen type III N propeptide (PIIINP) 218
S- Prolactin 136,137,173,174
P- Proline 214
P- Prolyl endopeptidase 99,103
S- Properdin factor B 195
S- Protein 27,37,49,53,64,69,
72,90,95,130,138,139,161
,165,166,167,168
U- Protein, concentration, 24h 140,149,150
S- Protein, glycated 31
U- Protein, output, 24h 140,149
S- Prostatic acid phosphatase, activity 126
S- Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) 16,126,181
P- Prothrombin time 26,35
Patient- Phosphate tubular reabsorption 66
U- Pyridinoline/creatinine, morning spot 4,5
U- Pyridinoline/minute 5
B- Pyruvate 125
B- Red cell distribution wide 28,34,88,102
S- Reticulocyte, count 179
S- Reticulocyte highly fluourescent, count 179
S- Reticulocyte medium fluourescent, count 179
S- Reticulocyte low fluourescent, count 179
P- Retinol 198
S- Retinol 53,117
S- Rheumatoid factor 87
(B)Eryth- Riboflavin 177

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Analyte Reference
P- S Protein 106
S- SCC antigen 109
P- Selenium 97
B- Selenium 97
Semen- Spermatozoa, concentration 196
Semen- Spermatozoa, motility 196
Semen- Spermatozoa, progressive motility 196
Semen- Spermatozoa, progressive rapid motility 196
Semen- Spermatozoa, morphology 196
Semen- Spermatozoa, vitality 196
S- Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) 160
(B)Erythr- Sodium 51
(B)Leuc- Sodium 51
S- Sodium 7,27,37,45,46,47,49,62,
64,69,71,74,90,130,138,
139,161,166,167, 168
S- Sodium bicarbonate 45, 46, 68, 69, 110, 161, 168
Sweat- Sodium chloride 187
U- Sodium, concentration, 24h 63,140,149,150
U- Sodium, output, 24h 6,63,140,149
P- Soluble CD163 188
U- Specific gravity 225
(B)Erythr- Superoxide dismutase 29
S- Superoxide dismutase 52
P- Taurine 214
Saliva- Testosterone 160
S- Testosterone 118,136,137,160,170
U- Testosterone 118
S- Testosterone, free 118, 173, 174
U- Testosterone, free 118
S- Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) 109,151
S- Tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) 109
P- Threonine 214
S- Thyroglobulin 40,207
S- Thyroglobulin antibody 207
S- Thyroid peroxidase antibody 207
S- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 15,17,19,40,90,134,136,137,209
S- Thyrotropin receptor antibody 207
S- Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) 40,136
S- Thyroxine (T4) 15,17,19,40,75,91,134,
136,137,165
S- Thyroxine/TBG 40
S- Thyroxine, free (FT4) 15, 17, 19, 134, 209
U- Total catecholamine concentration, 24h 133
S- Transferrin 27,52,70,95,153
S- Triglyceride 8,13,21,27,32,39,49,50,53,
60,72,74,90,93,94,104,107,
108,120, 121,138,139,141,
148,153,161,163,164,165
S- Triiodothyronine (T3) 15,17,19,27,40,75,91,
134,136,137
S- Triiodothyronine/ TBG 40
S- Triiodothyronine, free (FT3) 15, 17, 19, 209
S- Triiodothyronin, uptake 40
S- Triiodothyronine captation 40
S- Troponin I 212, 228
S- Troponin T 217, 227
P- Tryptophan 214
S- Tumor Necrosis factor-α
175
P- Tyrosine 214
S- Urate 7,27,37,53,69,72,90,138,
139,161,165,166,167,168,200
U- Urate, concentration, 24h 140,149,150
U- Urate, output, 24h 140,149
S- Urea 7,27,37,45,46,47,49,64,
69,72,90,130,138,139,161,
165,166,167,168
U- Urea, concentration 63,140,149,150
U- Urea, output 6,63,140,149
P- Valine 214
S- Vanilmandelic Acid, concentration 133
S- Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VACM-1) 200
B- Vascular endotelial growth factor 190
P- Vascular endotelial growth factor 190
S- Vascular endotelial growth factor 190
S- VLDL Cholesterol 39,108
P- Vitamin B1 198
(B)Erythr- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 198
(B)Erythr- Vitamin B2 status (Riboflavin) 177
(B)Erythr- Vitamin B6 198
(B)Erythr- Vitamin B6 status (AST activation) 177
(B)Erythr- Vitamin B12 177
(B)Erythr- Vitamin E (a-Tocopherol) 198
(B)Erythr- Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) 198
P- Von Willebrand factor 22,159, 200
P- Von Willebrand factor antigen 200
S- Water 49,85
S- Zeaxanthine 117
S- Zinc 52,57,61
P- Zinc 97

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