Tools, Technologies and Training for Healthcare Laboratories

Biological Variation Database reference list

Dr. Carmen Ricos and colleagues update this database on within-subject and between-subject biologic variation. From this data, they also calculate desirable specifications for imprecision, inaccuracy, and total allowable error. We are honored to be able to host this database. This article lists all of the references. Updated for 2014

Desirable Specifications for Total Error, Imprecision, and Bias, derived from Intra- and Inter-Individual Biologic Variation

This most recent and extensive listing of biologic goals has been provided by Ricos C, Alvarez V, Cava F, Garcia-Lario JV, Hernandez A, Jimenez CV, Minchinela J, Perich C, Simon M. "Current databases on biologic variation: pros, cons and progress." Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999;59:491-500. Updated references for 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014 included.

Annex III: Articles used to elaborate the database of Within-subject and between-subject CV values of analytes and Analytical Quality Specifications for imprecision, bias and total error

1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70


71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
111-120
121-130
131-140

141-150
151-160
161-169
170-182

183-188
189-198
199-214
215-229
230-247

See The Analytes and their References
See The Actual Numbers (specifications)
See The original Guest Essay


1. Ahluwalia N, Lamni-Keefe CL,Haley NR, Beard JL. Day-to-day variation in iron-status indexes in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 414-419
2. Antonsen S. The estimation of biological and preanalytical variations of inflammation markers. San J Clin Lab Invest 1994; 54 (Sup 219): 55-59
3. Balchin ZE, Moss PA, Fraser CG. Biological variation of urinary oxalate in different specimen types.. Ann Clin Biochem 1991; 28: 622-623
4. Beck Jensen JE, Sorensen HA, Kollerup G, Jensen LB, Sorensen OH. Biological variation of biochemical bone markers. Scan J Clin Lab Invest 1994; 54 (Sup 219):36-39
5. Beck Jensen et al.. A single measurement of biochemical markers of bone turnover has limited utility in the individual person.. Scan J Clin Lab Invest 1997; 57: 351-360
6. Bingham SA, Williams R, Cole TJ, Price CP, Cummings JH. Reference values for analytes of 24-h urine collections know to be complete.. Ann Clin Biochem 1988: 25: 610-619.
7. Biosca C, Ricós C, Jiménez CV, Lauzurica R, Galimany R. Model for establishing variation in non-healthy situations: renal posttranplantation data. Clin Chem 1997; 43:11 2206-2208
8. Bookstein MS, Gidding S, Donovan M, Smith F. Day-to-day variability of serum cholesterol, trigliceryde, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Arch Intern Med 1990: 150: 1653-1657
9. Borel MJ, Smith SM, Derr J, Beard JL. Day-to-day variation in iron-status indices in healthy men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 729-735
10. Boyle CEL, Cummings ST, Fraser CG. Amylase versus lipase activity assays: considerations from biological variation.. Ann Clin Biochem 1987; 24 (suppl1):37-38

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11. Brock A. Immunoreactive plasma cholinesterase substance concentration, compared with cholinesterase activity concentration and albumin: inter- and intra- individual variations in a healthy population group. . J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1990; 28: 851-856
12. Brock DA, Gantzer ML. Intraindividual variation in 24-hr creatinine excretion and 24-hr urinary volume. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1033.
13. Brown Spencer A., Boerwinkle Eric, Kashanian Fran k., Swanson Nancy, and patsch Wolfgang. Variation in concentrations of lipids, lipoprotein lipids, and apolipoproteins A-I and B in plasma from healthy women.. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 207-210
14. Browning MCK. Biological variation of the breast-tumour marker CA 15 3: implications for necessary standards of performance and the interpretation of results . Ann Clin Biochem 1987; 24 (suppl): 35s-38s
15. Browning MCK. Analytical goals for quantities used to assess thyrometabolic status. Ann Clin Biochem 1989;26:1-12
16. Browning MCK, McFarlane NP, Horobin JM, Preece PE, Wood RAB. Objective interpretation of results for tumour marker. J Nucl Med Allied Sci 1990; 34(suppl) 89s-91s
17. Browning MCK, Ford RP, Callaghan SJ, Fraser CG. Intra- and interindividual biological variation of five analytes used in assessing thyroid function: implications for necessary standards of performance and the interpretation of results. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 962-966.
18. Browning MCK, McFarlane NP, Horobin JM, Preece PE, Wood RAB. Evaluation of the comparative clinical utlity of CA15,3 and mucinous carcinoma-associated antigen (MCA) in the management of breast carcinoma. Ann Clin Biochem 1988; 25 (suppl): 54s-56s
19. Browning Margaret C. K., Bennet William M., Kirkaldy Alison J., and Jung Roland T.. Intra-individual variation of thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin in traeted hypothyroid patient: implications for monitoring replacement therapy.. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 695-699
20. Carstensen E, Yudkin S. Platelet catecholamine concentrations after short-term styress in normal subjets. Clin Sci 1994; 86: 35-41

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21. Chambles LL E, McMahon RP, Brown SA, Patsch W, Heiss G, Shen Y. Short-term intraindividual variability in lipoprotein measurements: the atherosclerosis risk communities (ARIC) study . Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136: 1069-1081
22. Chambless Ll E, McMahon R, Wu K, Folsom A, Finch A, Shen Y. Short-term intraindividual variability in hemostasis factors. The ARIC study. Ann Epidemiol 1992; 2: 723-733
23. Choudhury Naswrin, Lyons Wall Phillippa M., Stewart Truswell A.. Effect of time between measurements on within-subject variability for total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women. Clin Chem 1994;40:710-715
24. Clark GH, Fraser CG. Biological variation of acute phase proteins. Ann Clin Biochem 1993; 30: 373-376
25. Cobbaert C, Arentsen JC, Mulder P, Hoogerbrugge N, Lindemans J. Significance of various parameters derived from biological variability of lipoproteina (a), homocysteine, cysteine and total antioxidant status. Clin Chem 1997;43:1958-1964
26. Costongs GMPJ, Bas BM, Janson PCW. Short-term and long term intra-individual variations and critical differences of coagulation parameters. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1985; 23: 405-410.
27. Costongs GMPJ, Janson PCW, Bas BM. Short-term and long-term intra-individual variations and critical differences of clinical chemical laboratory parameters. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1985; 23: 7-16.
28. Costongs GMP, Janson PCW, Bas BM, Hermans J, Brombacher PJ, Wersch JWJ. Short-term and long-term intra-individual variations and critical differences of haematological laboratory parameters. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1985; 23: 69-76.
29. Covas MI, Coca L, Ricós C, Marrugat J. Biological variation of superoxide Dismutase in erythrocytes and Glutathione peroxidase in whole blood. Clin Chem 1997 43:10 1991-1993
30. Cummings ST, Fraser CG. Total amylase and pancreatic isoamylase in serum and urina:considerations from data on biological variation. Ann Clin Biochem 1989; 26: 335-340

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31. Davie SJ, Whiting KL, Gould BJ. Biological variation in glycated proteins. Ann Clin Biochem 1993; 30: 260-264
32. Demacker PN, Schade RW, Jansen RT,Van't Laar AV. Intra-individual variation of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in normal humans. Atherosclerosis 1982; 45: 259-266
33. Djurhuus MS, Gram J, Hyltoft Petersen P, Klitgaard NAH, Bollerslev J Beck-Nielsen H. Biological variation of serum and urinary magnesium in apparently healthy males. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1995; 55: 549-558
34. Dot D, Miró J, Fuentes X. Within-Subject biological variation of hematological quantities and analytical goals. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992; 116: 825-826
35. Dot D, Miró J, Fuentes-Arderiu X. Within-subject and between-subject biological variation of prothrombin time and actived partial thromboplastin time. Ann Clin Biochem 1992; 29: 422-425
36. Dot D, Miró J, Fuentes-Arderiu X. Biological variation of the leukocyte differential count quantities. Scan J Clin Lab Invest 1992; 952: 607-611
37. Eckfeldt J,Chambless Ll, Shen Y. Short-term, Within-Person Variability in Clinician Chemistry test results. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994; 118: 496-500
38. Elin Ronald J., Hosseini Jeanette M., and Ruddel Mark. Intraindividual variability of blood magnesium parameters with time.. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 1114-1115
39. Elveback LR, Weidman WH, Ellefson RD. Day-to-day variability and Analytic error in determinations of lipids in children. Mayo Clin Proc 1980; 55:267-269
40. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Petersen PH, Blaabjerg O and Horder M. Long-term variability in serum thyroglobulin and thyroid related hormones in healthy subjects. Acta Endocrinologica 1980;95: 328-334

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41. Fogarty Y, Fraser CG, Browning MCK. Intra- and inter-individual variation of serum angiotensin converting enzyme:clinival implications.. Ann Clin Biochem 1989; 26: 201-202
42. Ford RP, Mitchell PEG, Fraser CG. Desirable performance characteristics and clinical utility of immunoglobulin and light-chain assays derived from data on biological variation. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 1733-1736.
43. Ford RP, Mitchell PEG, Fraser CG. The clinical utility of ??and ? light-chain assays: considerations from biological variation data . Ann Clin Biochem 1988;sp142S-143S
44. Ford RP. Essential data derived from biological variation for estableshment and use of lipid analyses.. Ann Clin Biochem 1989; 26: 281-285
45. Fraser CG, Hearne CR. Components of variance of some plasma constituents in patiens with myocardial infarction. Ann Clin Biochem 1982; 19:432-434
46. Fraser CG, Williams P . Short-term biological variation of plasma analytes in renal disease. Clin Chem 1983;29:508-510
47. Fraser CG, Hearne CR. Components of variance of some plasma constituents in patients with myocardial infarction. Ann Clin Biochem 1982;19: 431-434
48. Fraser CG, Wilkinson SP, Neville RG, Knox JDE, King JF, MacWalter RS. Biologic variation of common hematologic laboratory quantities in the elderly. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 92: 465-470
49. Fraser Callum G., Cummings Steven T., Wilkinson Stephen P., Neville Ronald G., Knox James D. E., Ho Olga, and MacWalter Ronald S.. Biological variability of 26 clinical chemistry analytes in elderly people.. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 783-786
50. Friedlander Y, Kark JD and Stein Y. Variability ofPlasma Lipids and Lipoproteins: The jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic Study. Clin Chem 1985;31: 1121-1126

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51. Gallacher RE, Browning MCK, Fraser CG, Wilkinson SP, MacLennan WJ. A method for simultaneously estimating plasma, erythrocyte and leukocyte sodium, potassium and magnesium: reference values and considerations from biological variation data. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1326-1330
52. Gallagher SK, Johnson LK, and Milne DB. Short-term and long-term variability of indices related to nutritional status. I: Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn.. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 369-373
53. Gallagher SK, Johnson AK, Milne DB. Short and long term variability of selected indices related to nutritional status. II. Vitamins, lipids, and protein indices.. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 1449-1453
54. Garg UC, Zheng ZJ, Folsom AR, Moyer YS, Tsai MY, McGovern P, Eckfeldt JH . Short-term and long-term variability of plasma homocysteine measurement.. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 141-145
55. Garnero P, Delmas PD. Variability and response of urinary resorption markers to hormone replacement therapy . J Bone MineralL Res 199;14:470-1
56. Gerdes AM, Hultoft Petersen P, Horder M, Bonnevie-Nielsen V.. Separate estimation of biological and analytical variance components when quantities and reagents are unstable.. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1995; 55: 523-528
57. Giles L, Smicklas-Wright H, Fosmire G, Derr J. Variations in plasma zinc in older men and women. Biological Trace Element Research 1994; 41: 235-243
58. Gion M, Cappelli G, Mione R, Pistorello M, Meo S, Vignati G, Fortunato A, Saracchini S, Biasioli R, Giulisano M . Evaluation of critical differences of CEA and CA 15.3 levels in serial samples from patients operated for breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers 1994; 9:135-139
59. Gion M, Cappelli G, Mione R, , Vignati G, Fortunato A, Saracchini S, Biasioli R, Giulisano M . Variability of tumor markers in the follow-up of patients radically resected for breast cancer. Tumor Biol 1993; 14: 325-333
60. Godslang IF. Intra-individual variation: significant changes in parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the individual andintra-individual variation in different test populations. Ann Clin Biochem 1985; 22: 618:624

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61. González-Revaldería J., García-Bermejo S., Menchén-Herreros A., and Fernández-Rodriguez E.. Biological variation of Zn, Cu, and Mg in serum of healthy subjects.. Clin Chem 1990; 36:2140-2141
62. González-Revaldería J., García-Bermejo S., Menchén-Herreros A., and Fernández-Rodriguez E.. Towards narrower analytical goals in routine laboratory work.. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 596.
63. Gowans EMS, Fraser CG. Biological variation in analyte concentrations in urine of apparently healthy men and women. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 847-850
64. Gowans EMS, Fraser G. Longer-term biological variation of commonly analyzed serum constituents. Clin Chem 1987;33: 717.
65. Gowans EMS, Fraser CG. Biological variation of serum and urine creatinine and creatinine clearance: ramifications for interpretation of results and patient care. Ann Clin Biochem 1988;25: 259-263
66. Gowans MS, FraserCG. Do biologica- variation data shed light on the demise of some historical indices used to assess calcium homeostasis?. Clin Chem 1987;33:1267-1268
67. Hannon R, Blumsohn A, Naylor K, Eastell R. Response of biochemical markers of bone turnover to hormone replacement therapy: impact of biological variability. J Bone & Mineral Res 1998;13:1124-33
68. Harding PJ, Fraser CG. Biological variation of blood acid-base status: Consequences for analytical goal-setting and interpretation of results. Clin Chem 1987;33:1416-1418
69. Harris EK, Kanofsky P, Shakarji G and Cotlove E. Biological and analytic components of variation in long-term studies of serum constituents in normal subjects. Clin Chem 1970; 16: 1022-1027
70. Helander A, Vabö E, Levin K, Borg S. Intra-and interindividual variability of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, G-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume in teetotalers.. CLIN CHEM 1998; 44: 2120-2125

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71. Hölzel WGE. Intra-individual variation of analytes in serum of patients with chronic liver diseases. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1133-1136.
72. Hölzel WGE. Intra-individual variation of some analytes in serum of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 57-61.
73. Hölzel WGE. Intra-individual variation of some analytes in serum of patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Chem 1987; 33:670-673.
74. Hölzel WGE. Influence of hypertension and antihypertensive drugs on the biological intra-individual variation of electrolytes and lipids in serum. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 1485-1488.
75. Hölzel WGE, Deschner W. Intra-individual variation of serum thytoxin and triiodothyronine in pregnancy. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 2063-2065.
76. Holzel et al.. Individual reference ranges of CA 15-3, MCA and CEA in recurrence of breast cancer.. Scan J Clin Lab Invest 1995;55(sup 221): 93-101
77. Howes LG, Krum H. Intra-individual variability of plasma cholesterol concentrations. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 1930-1931.
78. Howey JEA, Browning MCk, Fraser CG. Is early morning spot urinary albumin concentration the best means of estimating albuminuria? . Ann Clin Biochem 1987; 24 (Supp1): 127-128
79. Howey JEA, Browning MCk, Fraser CG. Assay of serum fructosamine that minimizes standardization and matrix problems: use to asses components of biological variation. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 269-272.
80. Howey JE,Browning MC, Fraser CG. Selecting the optimum specimen for assessing slight albuminuria, and a strategy for clinical investigation:novel uses of data on biological variation. Clin Chem 1987; 33:2034-2038

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81. Hoyer K. Physiologic variation in the iron content of human blood serum . Acta Med Scand 1944; 119: 562-582
82. Huguet J, Fffuentes-Arderiu X. Biological variation in the catalytic concentration of pancreatic alfa-amylase and triacylglycerol lipase in serum. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1991; 51; 735-738
83. Huguet J, Fuentes-Arderiu X, Ferré C . Intraindividual Biological variation in the N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase/creatininium ratio for first morning urine.. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 1256.
84. Hyltoft Petersen P, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Horder M, Blaabjerg O, Thygesen K. Variability of plasma proteins accoding to molecular size. Long-term and short-term intra-individual variation. Scan J Clin Lab Invest 1981; 41: 143-150
85. Jahan A., Browning Margaret C. K., and Fraser C. G.. Desirable perfomance standards for assays of serum water and osmolality.. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 995.
86. Jensen JS. Intra-individual variation of overnight urinary albumin excretion in clinically healthy middle-aged individuals. Clin Chim Acta 1995; 243: 95-99
87. Jiménez CV . Usefulness of reference limits and evaluation of significant differences. An example of the biological variation of serum rheumatoid factors. Ann Biol Clinique 1994; 52: 529-533
88. Jiménez CV . Variabilidad biológica intraindividual de las magnitudes citohematológicas como objetivo de calidad analítica. Quim Clin 1992; 11: 147-150
89. Ju HS, Brown LB, Stringer MA, Leigh C, Scherrer C, Shepard K, Jenkins D, Knusden J, Cannon R. Comparison of analytical performence and biological variability of three bone resorption assays. Clin Chem 1997;43: 1570-1576
90. Juan-Pereira L. Variabilitat biologica intraindividual de les magnitudes bioquimiques. Aplicacions cliniques.. Doctoral Thesis, Barcelona University 1989.

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91. Juan-Pereira L., Navarro M. A., Roca M., Fuentes-Arderiu X.. Within-subject variation of thyroxin and triiodothyronine concentration in serum.. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 772-773
92. Juan-Pereira L., and Fuentes-Arderiu X. Intra-Individual Variation of the Electrophoretic Serum Protein Fractions. Clin Chem 1989;35:1544
93. Kafonek SD, Derby CA, Bachorik PS. Biological variability of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in patient referred to a lipid clinic. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 864-872
94. Kafonek SD, Donovan L, Lovejoy KL, Bachorik PS. Biological variation of lipids and lipoproteins in fingerstick blood. Clin Chem 1996;42:2002-2008
95. Liappis N, Fuchs R, Reimnitz P. Physiologische Schwankungen der Konzentrationen von Gesamteiweib, Transferrin, Haptoglobin, saurem alfa1-Glycokprotein, alfa2-Makroglobulin, Properdin Faktor B, C3-Komplement, C4-Komplement, IgA, IgG, IgM, alfa1-antitrypsin und Coeruloplasmin in Nüchternserum gesunder Männer.. Arztl Lab 1986; 32: 286-292.
96. Looker AC, Sempo CT, Liu K, Johnson CL, Gunter EW. Within-person variance in biochemical indicators of iron status: effects on prevalence estimates. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 541-547
97. Lux O, Naidoo D. The assesment of biological variation components of copper, zinc, and selenium. J Nutr Biochem 1995; 6: 43-47
98. Lux O, Naidoo D. Biological variation of beta-carotene. Nutrition Research 1994;14: 693-698
99. Maes Michael, Scharpé Simon, De Meester Ingrid, Goosens Philip, Wauters Annick, Neels Hugo, Verkerk Robert, De Meyer Frans, D`Hondt Peter, Peeters Dirk, Schotte Chris, and Cosyns Paul. Components of biological variation in Prolyl Endopeptidase and Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV activity in plasma of healthy subjects. Clin Chem 1994;40:1686-1691
100. Macy EM, Hayes TE, Tracy RP. Variability in the measuraments of C- reactive protein in healthy subjets: implications for reference intervals and epidemiological applications. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 52-58

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101. Maes M, Cooreman W, Delanghe J, Scharpé S, Wauters A, Neels H, D'Hondt P, Peeters D, Cosyns P, Ranjan R, Bosmans E, DeMeyer F, Elkis H, Desnyder R. Components of biological variation in plasma haptoglobin: relationships to plasma fibrinogen and immune variables, including interleukin-6 and its receptor. Clin Chim Acta, 1995; 239: 23-35.
102. Maes M, Scharpé S, Cooreman W, Wauters A, Neels H, Verkerk R, De Meyer F, D´Hondt P, Peeters D, Cosyns P . Components of biological, including seasonal, variation in hematological measurements and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in normal humans. Experientia 1995; 51: 141-149
103. Maes M, Scarpé S, De Meester I, Goossens P, Wauters A, Neels H, Werkerk H, De Meyer F, D`Hondt P, Peeters D, Schotte C, Cosyns P. Components of biological variation in propil endopeptidase and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV activity in plasma of healthy subjets. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 1686-1691
104. MarcovinaSM, Gaur VP, Albers JJ. Biological variaability of cholesterol, Triglyceride, low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and Apolipoproteins a-I and B. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 574-578
105. Mella M, Salamone A, Spagliardi G, Stella P, Guagnellini E. Reference values and biological variation for albumin, ????1-microglobulin and beta2-microglobulin in uriune specimens. Biochem Clin 1989; 13 (suppl): 89.
106. Melzi d´Eril G, Anesi A,Rizzo V, Trotti R . Biological variation in Protein C, Protein S, and Antithrombin concentrations in plasma of healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997; 35 (4): 257-260
107. Mjøs O, Rao S,Bjøru, Henden T, Thelle D,Førde O, Miller N. A longitudinal study of the biological variability of plasma lipoproteins in healthy young adults. Atherosclerosis 1979; 34:75-81
108. Mogadam M, Ahmed S, Mensch A, Godwin I. Within-person fluctuations of serum cholesterol and lipoproteins. Arch Inter Med 1990; 150: 1645-1648.
109. Mora J . Variabilitat intraindividual dels marcadors tumorals. Dortoral Thesis, Barcelona Authonomic University 1993
110. MorrisHA, Wishart JM, Horowitz M, Need AG, Nordin BEC. The reproducibility of bone-related biochemical variables in post-menopausal women.. Ann Clin Biochem 1990; 27: 562-568

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111. Moses GC and Henderson AR. Biological Variance of Total lactate Dehydrogenase and Its Isoenzymes in Human Serum . Clin Chem 1984; 30: 1737-1741.
112. Moses GC, Tuckerman JF and Henderson AR. Biological Variance of Cholinesterase and 5'- Nucleotidase in Serum of Healthy Persons. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 175-177.
114. Muusze J. Intra-individual-variability and retest-reability of lipoproteins in serum of coronary artery disease patients. Ann Clin Biochem 1987; 24(suppl):136
115. Nazir DJ, Hill SA, McQueen MJ. Biological variation in Lipopprotein (a). Clin Chem Lab Med 1999;37:85
116. Nicoll G. W., Struthers A. D., and Fraser C. G.. Biological variation of urinary magnesium.. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 1794-1795
117. Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, Rojas-Hidalgo E. Seasonal and sex-related variations in six serum carotenoids, retinol, and ?-tocopherol. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 106-110
118. Ooi LSM, Panesar NS, Masarei JRL. Within- and between-subject variation in, and associations between, serum concentrations and urinary excretion of testosterone and estradiol in Chinese men. Clin Chim Acta 1995; 236: 87-92.
119. Ortolá J., and Fuentes-Arderiu X. Intra and inetrindividual bilogical variation of the serum concentration of phospholipids.. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 583
120. Ortolá J. Castiñeira M. J., and Fuentes-Arderiu X. Biological variation data applied to the selection of serum lipid ratios used as risk markers of coronary heart disease.. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 56-59

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121. Pagani F and Panteghini M. Significance of Various Parameters Derived From Biological Variability for Lipid and Lipoprotein Analyses. Clin Biochem 1993; 26: 415-420
122. PanteghiniM, Pagani F. Biological variation of mioglobine in serum. Clin Chem 1997;43:2435
123. Panteghini M, Pagani F. Pre-analytical, analytical and biological sources of variation of lipoprotein (a). Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993; 31:23-28.
124. Panteghini M, Pagani F. Biological variation in bone-derived biochemical markers in serum.. Scan J Clin Lab Invest 1995; 55: 609-616
125. Panteghini M, Pagani F. Biological Variation of lactate and Piruvate in blood. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 908
126. Panteghini M, Pagani F, Bonora R . Pre-analytical and biological variability of prostatic acid phosphatase and Prostate-Specific Antigen in serum from patients with prostatic pathology . Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1992; 30: 135-139
127. Panteghini M, Pagani F. Biological variation in urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline. Clin Chem 1995;41: S200
128. Petersen Niels Erik, Kongskov Larsen Leif, Nissen Henrik, Gryesten Jensen Lillian, Jensen Alice, Hyltoft Petersen Per, Horder Mogens, Gregersen Niels, and Kristiansen Karsten. Improved Rnase Protection assay for quantifying LDL-Receptor mRNA; estimation of analytical imprecition and bilological variance in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.. Clin Chem 1995;41:1605-1613
129. Phillipou George, and Phillips Patrick. Intraindividual Variation of Glycohemoglobin: Implications for Interpretation and Analytical Goals. Clin Chem 1993;39:2305-2308
130. Pickup JF, Harris EK, Kearns M and Brown SS. Intra-individual Variation of Some Serum Constituents and its Relevance to Population-based Reference Ranges. Clin Chem 1977;23: 842-850

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131. Pilon VA, Howanitz PJ, Howanitz JH and Domres N. Day-to-Day Variation in Serum Ferritin Concentration in Healthy Subjects. Clin Chem 1981; 27: 78-82
132. Plebani M, Giacomini A, Beghi L, De Paoli M, Roveroni G, Galleotti F, Corsini A, Fraser CG. Serum tumor markers in monitoring patients: interpretation of results using analytical and biological variation. . Anticancer Res 1996;16:2249-2252
133. Polo MJ, Ricós C, Juvany R, Catalán R . Aplicaciones de la variabilidad biológica de hormonas analizadas en orina. Endocrinologia 1992; 39: 181-184
134. Polo MJ, Ricós C, Catalán R, Juvany R. Aplicación clínica de los datos de variabilidad biológica de las hormonas tiroideas. Med Clin 1992; 99: 529-531
135. Popp-Snijders C, Lips P, Netelbos JC. Intra-individual variation in bone resorption markers in urine. Ann Clin Biochem 1996; 33: 347-348
136. Ricós C, Arbós MA. Objetivos de calidad para las determinaciones de hormonas. Endocrinologia 1990; 37:230-233.
137. Ricós C, Arbós MA. Quality goals for hormone testing.. Ann Clin Biochem 1990; 27: 353-358
138. Ricós C, Codina R. La variabilidad biológica intraindividual como objeto de calidad analítica.. Rev Diag Biol 1989; 38: 34-36
139. Ricos C, García-Arumí E, Rodriguiez-Rubio R, Schwartz S. Eficacia de un programa interno de controlde calidad. Quim Clin 1986; 5: 159-165
140. Ricós C, Jiménez CV, Hernández A, Simón M, Perich C, Alvarez V, Minchinela J, Maciá M. Biological variation in urine samples used for analyte measurements. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 472-477

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141. Rivera-coll A, Fuentes-Arderiu X, Díez-Noguera A. Circadian Rhythmic in serum concentrations of clinically important lipids. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 1549-1553
142. Roberts SL, McMurry MO, Connor WE. Does egg feeding (i.e. dietary cholesterol) affect plasma cholesterol levels in humans?. The results of a double bind study. . Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34:2092-2099
143. Rosano TG and Brown HH. Analytical and Biological Variability of Serum Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance: Implications for Clinical Interpretation. Clin Chem 1982; 28: 2330-2331.
144. Rosenson RS, Tangney CC, Hafner JM. Intraindividual variability of fibrinogen levels and cardiovascular risk profile. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14: 1928-1932
145. Ross SM and Fraser CG. Biological variation of cardiac markers: analytical and clinical considerations. Ann Clin Biochem 1998;35: 80-84
146. Rossi E, Beilby JP, McQuillan BM, Hung J. Biological variabiity and reference intervals for total plasma homocysteine. Ann Clin Biochem 1999;36:56-61
147. Rotterdam EP, Katan MB, Knuiman JT. Importance of time interval between repeated measurements of total or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol when estimating an individual's baseline concentrations. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1913-1915.
148. Schectman G, Patsches M, Sasse EA. Variability in cholesterol measuraments: comparison of calculated and direct LDL cholesterol determinations . Clin Chem 1996; 42: 732-736
149. Shephard MDS, Penberthy LA and Fraser CG. Short- and Long-Term Biological variation in Analytes in Urine of Apparently Healthy Individuals. Clin Chem 1981; 27: 569-573
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Note from the authors: Reference 113 has been eliminated.

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